Recycling

Cobalt Recycling: Current State and Potential

Recycling of Cobalt from end-of-life products and manufacturing scrap represents an important secondary supply source. The current global end-of-life recycling rate for Cobalt is approximately 32%, reflecting both technical challenges and economic factors in recovery.

Recycling Rate Context

With a recycling rate of 32%, Cobalt recovery is moderate but has significant room for improvement. Collection infrastructure and processing economics are the primary constraints on higher recovery rates.

Recycling Technologies

Current and emerging recycling technologies for Cobalt include mechanical separation, pyrometallurgical recovery, hydrometallurgical extraction, and direct recycling approaches. These processes mirror primary production techniques such as solvent extraction and electrowinning (sx-ew), adapted for secondary feedstocks. Research efforts focus on improving recovery rates and reducing energy consumption.

Key Recycling Sources

• End-of-life lithium-ion battery cathodes products - Recovery potential varies based on product design, Cobalt concentration, and collection infrastructure.
• End-of-life superalloys for jet engines products - Recovery potential varies based on product design, Cobalt concentration, and collection infrastructure.
• End-of-life cemented carbide cutting tools products - Recovery potential varies based on product design, Cobalt concentration, and collection infrastructure.
• End-of-life catalysts for chemical processes products - Recovery potential varies based on product design, Cobalt concentration, and collection infrastructure.
• End-of-life permanent magnets products - Recovery potential varies based on product design, Cobalt concentration, and collection infrastructure.
• Manufacturing scrap - New scrap from fabrication and processing typically has the highest recovery rates due to known composition and controlled collection.

Circular Economy Opportunities

Given the high supply risk for Cobalt, developing robust recycling infrastructure is a strategic priority. The 73% concentration of primary production in DR Congo makes secondary supply from recycling an important hedging strategy for consuming nations. Regulatory frameworks such as extended producer responsibility and recycled content mandates are being developed in multiple jurisdictions.