Mining & Processing

How Thulium Is Mined and Processed

Thulium (Tm) is a rare earth element with global annual production of approximately 3 tonnes, primarily from China and Myanmar. Typical ore grades range from 0.001-0.005% Tm2O3.

Mining Methods

Thulium is extracted through the following methods, selected based on deposit type and geology:

• Byproduct of heavy REE separation

Ore Types and Mineralogy

The principal ore types and mineral sources for Thulium include:

• Ion-adsorption clays
• Xenotime

Processing and Beneficiation

Following extraction, Thulium ore undergoes the following processing stages:

1. Solvent extraction (many stages)

Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

Mining and processing of Thulium must comply with environmental regulations governing water use, tailings management, emissions, and land rehabilitation. Increasingly stringent environmental standards are raising production costs but also driving innovation in cleaner extraction technologies. The social license to operate and community engagement have become critical factors in project development, particularly in China where 95% of global production is concentrated.